The Cleanest Trick for Autogrowing Textareas

Earlier this year I wrote a bit about autogrowing textareas and inputs. The idea was to make a <textarea> more like a <div> so it expands in height as much as it needs to in order to contain the current value. It’s almost weird there isn’t a simple native solution for this, isn’t it? Looking back at that article, none of my ideas were particularly good. But Stephen Shaw’s idea that I linked to toward the end of it is actually a very good idea for this, so I wanted to shine some light on that and talk through how it works, because it seems like it’s the final answer to how this UX can be done until we get something native and better.

Here’s the demo in case you just want a working example:

The trick is that you exactly replicate the content of the `<textarea>` in an element that can auto expand height, and match its sizing.

So you’ve got a <textarea>, which cannot auto expand height.

Instead, you exactly replicate the look, content, and position of the element in another element. You hide the replica visually (might as well leave the one that’s technically-functional visible).

Now all three elements are tied to each other. Whichever of the children is tallest is will push the parent to that height, and the other child will follow. This means that the minimum height of the <textarea> will become the “base” height, but if the replicated text element happens to grow taller, everything will grow taller with it.

So clever. I love it so much.

You need to make sure the replicated element is exactly the same

Same font, same padding, same margin, same border… everything. It’s an identical copy, just visually hidden with visibility: hidden;. If it’s not exactly the same, everything won’t grow together exactly right.

We also need white-space: pre-wrap; on the replicated text because that is how textareas behave.

This is the weirdest part

In my demo, I’m using ::after for the replicated text. I’m not sure if that’s the best possible approach or not. It feels clean to me, but I wonder if using a <div aria-hidden="true"> is safer for screen readers? Or maybe the visibility: hidden; is enough for that? Anyway, that’s not the weird part. This is the weird part:

content: attr(data-replicated-value) " ";

Because I am using a pseudo-element, that’s the line that takes the data attribute off the element and renders the content to the page with that extra space (that’s the weird part). If you don’t do that, the end result feels “jumpy.” I can’t say I entirely understand it, but it seems like it respects the line break behavior across the textarea and text elements better.

If you don’t want to use a pseudo-element, hey, fine with me, just watch for the jumpy behavior.

Special high fives to Will Earp and Martin Tillmann who both randomly emailed on the same exact day to remind me how clever Shaw’s technique is. Here’s an example Martin made with Alpine.js and Tailwind that also ends up kinda like a one-liner (but note how it’s got the jumpy thing going on).

I’m sure ya’ll could imagine how to do this with Vue and React and whatnot in a way that can very easily maintain state across a textarea and another element. I’m not going to include examples here, partially because I’m lazy, but mostly because I think you should understand how this works. It will make you smarter and understand your site better.

Comments

Ian

# November 11, 2020

Thanks for sharing such an innovation, the textarea is showing its vertical scrollbar as it becomes taller on Firefox though.

Chris Coyier

Permalink to comment# November 11, 2020

I tossed an overflow: hidden; on the <textarea>. That seems fine for all browsers and fixes the Firefox visible scrollbar.

Chris Coyier

# November 11, 2020

Just noting that Jim Nielsen covered resizing textareas lately:
https://blog.jim-nielsen.com/2020/automatically-resize-a-textarea-on-user-input/

It’s a little library though, rather than the very-little-JavaScript needed technique in this post. Here’s his demo that I forked to use an import from Skypack:

And also check out his post for a note about an interesting approach with Web Components.

Carter Li

# November 11, 2020

Been doing similar trick 2 years ago.

The difference was that I used position: absolute with left: 0; right: 0; top: 0; bottom: 0 to match the size of textarea to its parent element; and used <br /> to keep the line breaks

Martin

# November 12, 2020

This is one of those things that would ideally be implemented by browsers (maybe behind some attribute, e.g. ).

Sean Gore

# November 12, 2020

For the longest time, I’ve been using the size attribute to auto-grow <input/>s. You can do a smiple onchange listener and then set the size to the value.length:

<label for="email">E-mail</label>
<input type="email" name="email" required data-autogrow/>

const $autogrowInputs = document.querySelectorAll("input[data-autogrow]");
if ($autogrowInputs.length) {
    $autogrowInputs.forEach(function($input) {
        $input.onchange = function() {
            this.size = this.value.length;
        });
    });
}

You can see a demo of this in my codepen.

I had done something similar in EmberJS with handlebars:

<Input @type={{this.type}} @value={{get @model @field}} class={{this.formControlClassName}} id={{this.elementId}} required={{this.isRequired}} @min={{@min}} @max={{@max}} @step={{@step}} @focus-in={{fn (mut this.hasFocus) true}} @focus-out={{fn (mut this.hasFocus) false}} {{on "blur" this.autosave}} @size={{get (get @model @field) "length"}}/>

Nikhil M Warrier

# November 12, 2020

Hey, can’t you just drop a div with a contenteditable attribute?

Chris Coyier

Permalink to comment# November 13, 2020

Maybe! The original article goes into that a smidge. I just don’t know ALL the accessibility and UX implications of that. I have doubts that it behaves the same well enough (and certainly it doesn’t “submit” correctly).

Matt

# November 13, 2020

Set the height equal to its scrollheight?

developer085

Permalink to comment# December 28, 2020

scrollheight + 2px ;)

talkto.waldo

# November 29, 2020

Neato, looks awesome. I was wondering how one would go about limiting the maximum amount of rows with this ?

Gurmukh Panesar

# January 28, 2021

How about just changing the value of the rows attribute? This would respect the line-height, font-size etc dynamically.

Yes, we’d still need to keep a tab on number of characters, but there’d be two less elements in the DOM?

Chris Coyier

Permalink to comment# January 28, 2021

Seems harder to me, to know exactly the moment you need to add another row. But try it!

Shyam Patel

# February 5, 2021

Thanks for the excellent solution, Chris! For someone who is relatively new to CSS grid, in this case, what is the best way to prevent the grid from growing horizontally in the case that a really long “word” is entered into the textarea? Essentially, I want the textarea’s “overflow-wrap: break-word” property to kick in.

Chris Coyier

Permalink to comment# February 5, 2021

A couple of helpful articles, I hope:

You want minmax(10px, 1fr) not 1fr

Handling Long Words and URLs (Forcing Breaks, Hyphenation, Ellipsis, etc)

Duncan

# February 15, 2021

Amazing, just what I needed. I dont like to use jQuery and like nice clean html, css and javascript.

Gellert

# April 18, 2021

How do I change textarea’s initial height?

Pim

# May 20, 2021

@Gellert: good question. This demo is nice, but it’s not working out of the box for textareas that are populated with multi-line or wrapping content already. So you’ll have to do what the JavaScript does on page load: iterate over all your textarea’s and set the parent’s dataset value to the value of the textarea:

parent.dataset.replicatedValue = textarea.value

Mike Miles

# May 24, 2021

How do I set the initial textarea to 100% width and limit the growth to rows only and not have it spill off the page?

Mike Miles

Permalink to comment# May 28, 2021

Basically how do I get the textarea to only grow in height and not in width. I tried overflow-wrap which is the only thing that I can think of.

The trick is that you exactly replicate the content of the <textarea> in an element that can auto expand height, and match its sizing.

You need to make sure the replicated element is exactly the same

This is the weirdest part

Wanna learn modern CSS layout?

Wanna learn modern CSS layout?

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The trick is that you exactly replicate the content of the `<textarea>` in an element that can auto expand height, and match its sizing.