We have decided to discontinue the process of allowing new customers to sign up for GeoCities accounts as we focus on helping our customers explore and build new relationships online in other ways. We will be closing GeoCities later this year.<\/p>
Existing GeoCities accounts have not changed. You can continue to enjoy your web site and GeoCities services until later this year. You don\u2019t need to change a thing right now \u2014 we just wanted you to let you know about the closure as soon as possible. We\u2019ll provide more details about closing GeoCities and how to save your site data this summer, and we will update the help center with more details at that time.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
In the coming months, the company would offer little more detail than that. Within a year, user homepages built with GeoCities would blink out of existence, one by one, until they were all gone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Reactions to the news ranged from outrage to contemptful good riddance. In general, however, the web lamented about a great loss. Former GeoCities users recalled the sites that they built using the service, often hidden from public view, and often while they were very young.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For programmer and archivist Jason Scott, nostalgic remembrances did not go far enough. He had only recently created the Archive Team, a rogue group of Internet archivists willing to lend their compute cycles to the rescue of soon departed websites. The Archive Team monitors sites on the web marked for closure. If they find one, they run scripts on their computers to download as much of the site as they could before it disappears.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Scott did not think the question of whether or not GeoCities deserved to exist was relevant. \u201cPlease recall, if you will, that for hundreds of thousands of people, this was their first website<\/em>,\u201d he posted to his website<\/a> not long after Yahoo!\u2018s announcement. \u201c[Y]ou could walk up to any internet-connected user, hand them the URL, and know they would be able to see your stuff. In full color.\u201d GeoCities wasn\u2018t simply a service. It wasn\u2019t just some website. It was burst of creative energy that surged from the web.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In the weeks and months that followed, the Archive Team set to work downloading as many GeoCities sites as they could. They would end up with millions in their archive before Yahoo! pulled the plug.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Chris Wilson recalled the promise of an early web in a talk looking back on his storied career with Mosaic, then Internet Explorer, and later Google Chrome. The first web browser<\/a>, developed by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, included the ability for users to create their own websites. As Wilson remembers it, that was the de-facto assumption about the web\u2014that it would be a participatory medium.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cEveryone can be an author. Everyone would generate content,\u201d Wilson said<\/a>, \u201cWe had the idea that web server software should be free and everyone would run a server on their machine.\u201d His work on Mosaic included features well ahead of their time, like built-in annotations so that users could collaborate and share thoughts on web documents together. They built server software in the hopes that groups of friends would cluster around common servers. By the time Netscape skyrocketed to popularity, however, all of those features had faded away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n GeoCities represented the last remaining bastion of this original promise of the web. Closing the service down, abruptly and without cause, was a betrayal of that promise. For some, it was the writing on the wall: the web of tomorrow was to look nothing like the web of yesterday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In a story he recalls frequently, David Bohnett learned about the web on an airplane. Tens of thousands of feet up, untethered from any Internet network, he first saw mention of the web in a magazine. Soon thereafter, he fell in love.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bohnett is a naturally empathetic individual. The long arc of his career so far has centered on bringing people together, both as a technologist and as a committed activist. As a graduate student, he worked as a counselor answering calls on a crisis hotline and became involved in the gay rights movement at his school. In more recent years, Bohnett has devoted his life to philanthropy<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Finding connection through compassion has been a driving force for Bohnett for a long time. At a young age, he recognized the potential of technology to help him reach others. \u201cI was a ham radio operator in high school. It was exciting to collect postcards from people you talked to around the world,\u201d he would later say in an interview<\/a>. \u201c[T]hat is a lot of what the Web is about.\u2018\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n Some of the earliest websites brought together radical subcultures and common interests. People felt around in the dark of cyberspace until they found something they liked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Riding a wave of riot grrrl<\/a> ephemera in the early 1990\u2019s, ChickClick was an early example. Featuring a mix of articles and message boards, women and young girls used ChickClick as a place to gather and swap stories from their own experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Much of the site centered on its strident creators, sisters Heather and Heidi Swanson. Though they each had their own areas of responsibility\u2014Heidi provided the text and the editorial, Heather acted as the community liaison\u2014both were integral parts of the community they created. ChickClick would not exist without the Swanson sisters. They anchored the site to their own personalities and let it expand through like-minded individuals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Eventually, ChickClick grew into a network of linked sites<\/a>, each focused on a narrower demographic; an interconnected universe of women on the web. The cost to expanding was virtually zero, just a few more bytes zipping around the Internet. ChickClick\u2019s greatest innovation came when they offered their users their own homepages. Using a rudimentary website builder, visitors could create their own space on the web, for free and hosted by ChickClick. Readers were suddenly transformed into direct participants in the universe they had grown to love.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bohnett would arrive at a similar idea not long after. After a brief detour running a more conventional web services agency called Beverley Hills Internet, Bohnett and his business partner John Rezner tried something new. In 1994, Bohnett sent around an email to some friends inviting them to create a free homepage (up to 15MB) on their experimental service. The project was called GeoCities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n What made GeoCities instantly iconic was that it reached for a familiar metaphor in its interface. When users created an account for the first time they had to pick an actual physical location on a virtual map\u2014the digital \u201caddress\u201d of their website. \u201cThis is the next wave of the net\u2014not just information but habitation,\u201d Bohnett would say in a press release announcing the project<\/a>. Carving out a real space in cyberspace would become a trademark of the GeoCities experience. For many new users of the web, it made the confusing world of the web feel lived in and real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The GeoCities map was broken up into a handful of neighborhoods users could join. Each neighborhood had a theme, though there wasn\u2018t much rhyme or reason to what they were called. Some were based on real world locations, like Beverley Hills for fashion aficionados or Broadway for theater nerds. Others simply played to a theme, like Area51 for the sci-fi crowd or Heartland for parents and families. Themes weren\u2019t enforced, and most were later dropped in everything but name.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Neighborhoods were limited to 10,000 people. When that number was reached, the neighborhood expanded into suburbs. Everywhere you went on GeoCities there was a tether to real, physical spaces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Like any real-world community, no two neighborhoods were the same. And while some people weeded their digital gardens and tended to their homepages, others left their spaces abandoned and bare, gone almost as soon as they arrived. But a core group of people often gathered in their neighborhoods around common interests and established a set of ground rules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Historian Ian Milligan has done extensive research on the mechanics and history of GeoCities. In his digital excavation, he discovered a rich network of GeoCities users who worked hard to keep their neighborhoods orderly and constructive. Some neighborhoods assigned users as community liaisons, something akin to a dorm room RA, or neighborhood watch. Neighbors were asked to (voluntarily) follow a set of rules. Select members acted as resources, reaching out to others to teach them how to build better homepages. \u201cThese methods, grounded in the rhetoric of both place and community,\u201d Milligan argues<\/a>, \u201chelped make the web accessible to tens of millions of users.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n For a large majority of users, however, GeoCities was simply a place to experiment, not a formal community. GeoCities would eventually become one of the web\u2019s most popular destinations. As more amateurs poured in, it would become known for a certain garish aesthetic, pixelated GIFs of construction workers, or bright text on bright backgrounds. People used their homepages to host their photo albums, or make celebrity fan sites, or to write about what they had for lunch. The content of GeoCities was as varied as the entirety of human experience. And it became the grounding for a lot of what came next.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cSo was it community?\u201d Black Planet founder Omar Wasow would later ask<\/a>. \u201c[I]t was community in the sense that it was user-generated content; it was self-expression.\u201d Self-expression is a powerful ideal, and one that GeoCities proved can bring people together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Many early communities, GeoCities in particular, offered a charming familiarity in real world connection. Other sites flipped the script entirely to create bizarre and imaginative worlds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Beyond a loose set of guidelines, there were no concrete objectives. No way to \u201cwin\u201d the game. There were only the pets, and pet owners. Owners could create their own profiles, which let them display an ever expanding roster of new pets. Pulled from their imagination, Williams and Powell infused the site with their own personality. They created \u201cunique characters,\u201d as Williams later would describe it<\/a>, \u201csomething fantasy-based that could live in this weird, wonderful world.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n As the site grew, the universe inside it did as well. Neopoints could be earned through online games, not as much a formal objective as much as in-world currency. They could be spent on accessories or trinkets to exhibit on profiles, or be traded in the Neopian stock market (a fully operational simulation of the real one), or used to buy pets at auction. The tens and thousands of users that soon flocked to the site created an entirely new world, mapped on top of of a digital one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Like many community creators, Williams and Powell were fiercely protective of what they had built, and the people that used it. They worked hard to create an online environment that was safe and free from cheaters, scammers, and malevolent influence. Those who were found breaking the rules were kicked out. As a result, a younger audience, and one that was mostly young girls, were able to find their place inside of Neopia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Neopians\u2014as Neopets owners would often call themselves\u2014rewarded the effort of Powell and Williams by enriching the world however they could. Together, and without any real plan, the users of Neopets crafted a vast community teeming with activity and with its own set of legal and normative standards. The trade market flourished. Users traded tips on customizing profiles, or worked together to find Easter eggs hidden throughout the site. One of the more dramatic examples of users taking ownership of the site was The Neopian Times<\/em>, an entirely user-run in-universe newspaper documenting the fictional going-ons of Neopia. Its editorial has spanned decades, and continues to this day<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Though an outside observer might find the actions of Neopets frivolous, they were a serious endeavor undertaken by the site\u2019s most devoted fans. It became a place for early web adventurers, mostly young girls and boys, to experience a version of the web that was fun, and predicated on an idea of user participation. Using a bit of code, Neopians could customize their profile to add graphics, colors, and personality to it. \u201cNeopets made coding applicable and personal to people (like me),\u201d said one former user<\/a>, \u201cwho otherwise thought coding was a very impersonal activity.\u201d Many Neopets coders went on to make that their careers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Neopets was fun and interesting and limited only by the creativity of its users. It was what many imagined a version of the web would look like.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The site eventually languished under its own ambition. After it was purchased and run by Doug Dohring and later, Viacom, it set its sights on a multimedia franchise. \u201cI never thought we could be bigger than Disney,\u201d Dohring once said in a profile in<\/a> Wired,<\/em><\/a> revealing just how far that ambition went<\/a>, \u201cbut if we could create something like<\/em> Disney – that would be phenomenal.\u201d As the site began to lean harder into somewhat deceptive advertising practices and emphasize expansion into different mediums (TV, games, etc.), Neopets began to overreach. Unable to keep pace with the rapid developments of the web, it has been sold to a number of different owners. The site is still intact, and thanks to its users, thriving to this day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Candice Carpenter thought a village was a handy metaphor for an online community. Her business partner, and co-founder, Nancy Evans suggested adding an \u201ci\u201d to it, for interactive. Within a few years, iVillage would rise to the highest peak of Internet fortunes and hype. Carpenter would cultivate a reputation for being charismatic, fearless, and often divisive, a central figure in the pantheon of dot-com mythology. Her meteoric rise, however, began with a simple idea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n By the mid-90\u2019s, community was a bundled, repeatable, commotized product (or to some, a \u201ctotally overused buzzword,\u201d as Omar Wasow would later put it<\/a>). Search portals like Yahoo! and Excite were popular, but their utility came from bouncing visitors off to other destinations. Online communities had a certain stickiness, as one one profile in<\/a> The New Yorker<\/em><\/a> put it<\/a>, \u201cthe intangible quality that brings individuals to a Web site and holds them for long sessions.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n That unique quality attracted advertisers hoping to monetize the attention of a growing base of users. Waves of investment in community<\/em>, whatever that meant at any given moment, followed. \u201cThe lesson was that users in an online community were perfectly capable of producing value all by themselves,\u201d Internet historian Brian McCullough describes<\/a>. The New Yorker<\/em> piece framed it differently<\/a>. \u201cAudience was real estate, and whoever secured the most real estate first was bound to win.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n TheGlobe.com was set against the backdrop of this grand drama. Its rapid and spectacular rise to prominence and fall from grace is well documented. The site itself was a series of chat rooms organized by topic, created by recent Cornell alumni Stephan Paternot and Todd Krizelman. It offered a fresh take on standard chat rooms, enabling personalization and fun in-site tools.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Backed by the notoriously aggressive Wall Street investment bank Bear Stearns, and run by green, youngish recent college grads, theGlobe rose to a heavily inflated valuation in full public view. \u201cWe launched nationwide\u2014on cable channels, MTV, networks, the whole nine yards,\u201d Paternot recalls in his book about his experience<\/a>, \u201cWe were the first online community to do any type of advertising and fourth or the fifth site to launch a TV ad campaign.\u201d Its collapse would be just as precipitous; and just as public. The site\u2019s founders would be on the covers of magazines and the talk of late night television shows as examples of dot-com glut, with just a hint of schadenfreude.<\/p>\n\n\n\n So too does iVillage get tucked into the annals of dot-com history. The site\u2018s often controversial founders were frequent features in magazine profiles and television interviews. Carpenter attracted media attention as deftly as she maneuvered her business through rounds of investment and a colossally successful IPO. Its culture was well-known in the press for being chaotic, resulting in a high rate of turnover that saw the company go through five Chief Financial Officer\u2019s in four years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n And yet this ignores the community that iVillage managed to build. It began as a collection of different sites, each with a mix of message boards and editorial content centered around a certain topic. The first, a community for parents known as Parent Soup which began at AOL, was their flagship property. Before long, it spanned across sixteen interconnected websites. \u201ciVillage was built on a community model,\u201d writer Claire Evans describes in her book<\/a> Broad Band<\/em><\/a>,<\/em> \u201cits marquee product was forums, where women shared everything from postpartum anxiety and breast cancer stories to advice for managing work stress and unruly teenage children.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Carpenter had a bold and clear vision when she began, a product that had been brewing for years. After growing tired of the slow pace of growth in positions at American Express and QVC, Carpetner was given more free rein consulting for AOL. It was her first experience with an online world. There wasn\u2018t a lot that impressed her about AOL, but she liked the way people gathered together in groups. \u201cThings about people\u2018s lives that were just vibrant,\u201d she\u2019d later remark in an interview<\/a>, \u201cthat\u2019s what I felt the Internet would be.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Parent Soup began as a single channel on AOL, but it soon moved to the web along with similar sites for different topics and interests\u2014careers, dating, health and more. What drew people to iVillage sites was their authenticity, their ability to center conversations around topics and bring together people that were passionate about spreading advice. The site was co-founded by Nancy Evans, who had years of experience as an editor in the media industry. Together, they resisted the urge to control every aspect of their community. \u201cThe emphasis is more on what visitors to the site can contribute on the particulars of parenthood, relationships and workplace issues,\u201d one writer noted<\/a>, \u201crather than on top-tier columnists spouting advice and other more traditional editorial offerings used by established media companies.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n There was, however, something that bound all of the site\u2018s together: a focus that made iVillage startlingly consistent and popular. Carpenter would later put it concisely<\/a>: \u201cthe vision is to help women in their lives with the stuff big and small that they need to get through.\u201d Even as the site expanded to millions of users, and positioned itself as a network specifically for women, and went through one of the largest IPO\u2019s in the tech industry, that simple fact would remain true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n What\u2019s forgotten in the history of dot-com community is the community. There were, of course, lavish stories of instant millionaires and unbounded ambition. But much of the content that was created was generated by people, people that found each other across vast distances among a shared understanding. The lasting connections that became possible through these communities would outlast the boom and bust cycle of Internet business. Sites like iVillage became benchmarks for later social experiments to aspire to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In February of 2002, Edgar Enyedy an active contributor to a still new Spanish version of Wikipedia posted to the Wikipedia mailing list<\/a> and to Wikipedia\u2018s founder, Jimmy Wales. \u201cI\u2019ve left the project,\u201d he announced, \u201cGood luck with your wikiPAIDia [sic].\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n As Wikipedia grew in the years after it officially launched in 2001, it began to expand to other countries. As it did, each community took on its own tenor and tone, adapting the online encyclopedia to the needs of each locale. \u201cThe organisation of topics, for example,\u201d Enyedy would later explain<\/a>, \u201cis not the same across languages, cultures and education systems. Historiography is also obviously not the same.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Enyedy\u2018s abrupt exit from the project, and his callous message, was prompted by a post from Wikipedia\u2019s first editor-in-chief Larry Sanger. Sanger had been instrumental in the creation of Wikipedia, but he had recently been asked to step back as a paid employee due to lack of funds. Sanger suggested that sometime in the near future, Wikpedia may turn to ads.<\/p>\n\n\n\n It was more wishful thinking than actual fact\u2014Sanger hoped that ads may bring him his job back. But it was enough to spurn Enyedy into action. The Wikipedia Revolution, author Andrew Lih explains why<\/a>. \u201cAdvertising is the third-rail topic in the community\u2014touch it only if you\u2019re not afraid to get a massive shock.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n By the end of the month, Enyedy had created an independent fork of the Spanish Wikipedia site, along with a list of demands for him to rejoin the project. The list included moving the site from The fork of Wikipedia was both a legally and ideologically acceptable project. Wikipedia\u2019s content is licensed under the Creative Commons license; it is freely open and distributable. The code that runs it is open source. It was never a question of whether a fork of Wikipedia was possible. It was a question of why it felt necessary. And the answer speaks to the heart of the Wikipedia community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Wikipedia did not begin with a community, but rather as something far more conventional. The first iteration was known as Nupedia, created by Jimmy Wales in early 2000. Wales imagined a traditional encyclopedia ported into the digital space. An encyclopedia that lived online, he reasoned, could be more adaptable than the multi-volume tomes found buried in library stacks or gathering dust on bookshelves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Wales was joined by then graduate student Larry Sanger, and together they recruited a team of expert writers and editors to contribute to Nupedia. To guarantee that articles were accurate, they set up a meticulous set of guidelines for entries. Each article contributed to Nupedia went through rounds of feedback and was subject to strict editorial oversight. After a year of work, Nupedia had less than a dozen finished articles and Wales was ready to shut the project down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n However, he had recently been introduced to the concept of a wiki, a website that anybody can contribute to. As software goes, the wiki is not overly complex. Every page has a publicly accessible \u201cEdit\u201d button. Anyone can go in and make edits, and those edits are tracked and logged in real time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In order to solicit feedback on Nupedia, Wales had set up a public mailing list anyone could join. In the year since it was created, around 2,000 people had signed up. In January of 2001, he sent a message to that mailing list with a link to a wiki.<\/p>\n\n\n\n His hope was that he could crowdsource early drafts of articles from his project\u2019s fans. Instead, users contributed a thousand articles in the first month. Within six months, there were ten thousand. Wales renamed the project to Wikipedia, changed the license for the content so that it was freely distributable, and threw open the doors to anybody that wanted to contribute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The rules and operations of Wikipedia can be difficult to define. It has evolved almost in spite of itself. Most articles begin with a single, random contribution and evolve from there. \u201cWikipedia continues to grow, and articles continue to improve,\u201d media theorist Clary Shirky wrote of the site in his seminal work Here Comes Everybody<\/em><\/a>, \u201cthe process is more like creating a coral reef, the sum of millions of individual actions, than creating a car. And the key to creating those individual actions is to hand as much freedom as possible to the average user.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n From these seemingly random connections and contributions, a tight knit group of frequent editors and writers have formed at the center of Wikipedia. Programmer and famed hacktivist Aaron Swartz described how it all came together<\/a>. \u201cWhen you put it all together, the story become clear: an outsider makes one edit to add a chunk of information, then insiders make several edits tweaking and reformatting it,\u201d described Swartz, adding, \u201cas a result, insiders account for the vast majority of the edits. But it\u2019s the outsiders who provide nearly all of the content.\u201d And these insiders, as Swartz referes to them them, created a community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cOne of the things I like to point out is that Wikipedia is a social innovation, not a technical innovation,\u201d Wales once said<\/a>. In the discussion pages of articles and across mailing lists and blogs, Wikipedians have found ways to collaborate and communicate. The work is distributed and uneven\u2014a small community is responsible for a large number of edits and refinements to articles\u2014but it is impressively collated. Using the ethos of open source as a guide, the Wikipedia community created a shared set of expectations and norms, using the largest repository of human knowledge in existence as their anchor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Loosely formed and fractured into factions, the Wikipedia community nevertheless follows a set of principles that it has defined over time. Their conventions are defined and redefined on a regular basis, as the community at the core of Wikipedia grows. When it finds a violation of these principles\u2014such as the suggestion that ads will be plastered on the article they helped they create\u2014they sometimes react strongly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Wikipedia learned from the fork of Spanish Wikipedia, and set up a continuous feedback loop that has allowed its community to remain at the center of making decisions. This was a primary focus of Katherine Maher, who became exectuvie director of Wikimedia, the company behind Wikipedia, in 2016, and then CEO three years later. Wikimedia\u2019s involvement in the community, in Maher\u2019s words<\/a>, \u201callows us to be honest with ourselves, and honest with our users, and accountable to our users in the spirit of continuous improvement. And I think that that is a different sort of incentive structure that is much more freeing.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n The result is a hive mind sorting collective knowledge that thrives independently twenty years after it was created. Both Maher and Wales have referred to Wikipedia as a \u201cpart of the commons,\u201d a piece of informational infrastructure as important as the cables that pipe bandwidth around the world, built through the work of community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fanfiction can be hard to define. It has been the seeds of subculture and an ideological outlet; the subject of intense academic and philosophical inquiry. Fanfiction has often been noted for its unity through anti-hegemony\u2014it is by its very nature illegal or, at the very least, extralegal. As a practice, Professor Brownen Thomas has put it plainly<\/a>: \u201cStories produced by fans based on plot lines and characters from either a single source text or else a \u2018canon\u2019 of works; these fan-created narratives often take the pre-existing storyworld in a new, sometimes bizarre, direction.\u201d Fanfiction predates the Internet, but the web acted as its catalyst.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Message boards, or forums, began as a technological experiment on the web, a way of replicating the Usenet groups and bulletin boards of the pre-web Internet. Once the technology had matured, people began to use them to gather around common interests. These often began with a niche\u2014fans of a TV show, or a unique hobby\u2014and then used as the beginning point for much wider conversation. Through threaded discussions, forum-goers would discuss a whole range of things in, around, and outside of the message board theme. \u201cIf urban history can be applied to virtual space and the evolution of the Web,\u201d one writer recalls<\/a>, \u201cthe unruly and twisted message boards are Jane Jacobs. They were built for people, and without much regard to profit.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Some stayed small (and some even remain so). Others grew. Fans of the TV show Buffy the Vampire Slayer<\/em> had used the official message board of the show for years. It famously took on a life of its own when the boards where shut down, and the users funded and maintained an identical version to keep the community alive. Sites like Newgrounds<\/em> and DeviantART<\/em> began as places to discuss games and art, respectively. Before long they were the launching pad for the careers of an entire generation of digital creators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fandom found something similar on the web. On message boards and on personal websites, writers swapped fanfiction stories, and readers flocked to boards to find them. They hid in plain sight, developing rules and conventions for how to share among one another without being noticed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In the fall of 1998, developer Xing Li began posting to a number of Usenet fanfiction groups. In what would come to be known as his trademark sincerity, his message read<\/a>: \u201cI\u2019m very happy to announce that www.fanfiction.net<\/a> is now officially open!!!!!! And we have done it 3 weekss ahead of projected finish date. While everyone trick-or-treated we were hard at working debugging the site.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Li wasn\u2019t a fanfiction creator himself, but he thought he stumbled upon a formula for its success. What made Fanfiction.net unique was that its community tools\u2014built-in tagging, easy subscriptions to stories, freeform message boards for discussions\u2014was built with fandom in mind. As one writer would later describe this winning combination<\/a>, \u201cits secret to success is its limited moderation and fully-automated system, meaning posting is very quick and easy and can be done by anyone.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fanfiction creators found a home at Fanfiction.net, or FF.net as it was often shortened to. Throughout its early years, Li had a nerdy and steadfast devotion to the development of the site. He\u2018d post sometimes daily to an open changelog on the site, a mix of site-related updates and deeply personal anecdotes. \u201cFull-text searching allows you to search for keywords\/phrases within every fanfiction entry in our huge archive,\u201d one update read<\/a>. \u201cI can\u2018t get the song out of my head and I need to find the song or I will go bonkers. Thanks a bunch. =)\u201d read another (the song was The Cure\u2018s \u201cBoys Don\u2019t Cry\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Li\u2019s cult of personality and the unique position of the site made it immensely popular. For years, the fanfiction community had stuck to the shadows. FF.net gave them a home. Members took it upon themselves to create a welcoming environment, establishing norms and procedures for tagging and discoverability, as well as feedback for writers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The result was a unique community on the web that attempted to lift one another up. \u201cSorry. It\u2018s just really gratifying to post your first fic and get three hits within about six seconds. It\u2018s pretty wild, I haven\u2019t gotten one bad review on FF.N\u2026\u201d one fanfic writer posted in the site\u2019s early days<\/a>. \u201cThat makes me pretty darn happy :)\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n The reader and writer relationship on FF.net was fluid. The stories generated by users acted as a reference for conversation among fellow writers and fanfiction readers. One idea often flows into the next, and it is only through sharing content that it takes on meaning<\/a>. \u201cYes, they want recognition and adulation for their work, but there\u2018s also the very strong sense that they want to share, to be part of something bigger than themselves. There\u2019s a simple, human urge to belong.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n As the dot-com era waned, community was repackaged and resold as the social web. The goals of early social communities were looser than the tight niches and imaginative worlds of early community sites. Most functioned to bring one\u2019s real life into digital space. Classmates.com, launched in 1995, is one of the earliest examples of this type of site. Its founder, Randy Conrads, believed that the web was best suited for reconnecting people with their former schoolmates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Not long after, AsianAve launched from the chaotic New York apartment where the site\u2018s six co-founders lived and worked. Though it had a specific demographic\u2014Asian Americans\u2014AsianAve was modeled after a few other early social web experiences, like SixDegrees. The goal was to simulate real life friend groups, and to make the web a fun place to hang out. \u201cMost of Asian Avenue\u2018s content is produced by members themselves,\u201d an early article in<\/a> The New York Times<\/em><\/a> describes<\/a>. \u201c[T]he site offers tool kits to create personal home pages, chat rooms and interactive soap operas.\u201d Eventually, one of the site\u2018s founders, Benjamin Sun, began to explore how he could expand his idea beyond a single demographic. That\u2019s when he met Omar Wasow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Wasow was fascinated with technology from a young age. When he was a child, he fell in love first with early video games like Pong and Donkey Kong. By high school, he made the leap to programmer<\/a>. \u201cI begged my way out of wood shop into computer science class. And it really changed my life. I went to being somebody who consumed video games to creating video games.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n In 1993, Wasow founded New York Online, a Bulletin Board System that targeted a \u201cbroad social and ethnic \u2018mix\u2019,\u201d<\/a> instead of pulling from the same limited pool of upper-middle class tech nerds most networked projects focused on. To earn an actual living, Wasow developed websites for popular magazine brands like Vibe and Essence. It was through this work that he crossed paths with Benjamin Sun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n By the mid-1990\u2018s, Wasow had already gathered a loyal following and public profile, featured in magazines like Newsweek<\/em> and Wired.<\/em> Wasow\u2019s reputation centered on his ability to build communities thoughtfully, to explore the social ramifications of his tech before and while he built it. When Sun approached him about expanding AsianAve to an African American audience, a site that would eventually be known as BlackPlanet, he applied the same thinking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Wasow didn\u2019t want to build a community from scratch. Any site that they built would need to be a continuation of the strong networks Black Americans had been building for decades. \u201cA friend of mine once shared with me that you don\u2019t build an online community; you join a community,\u201d Wasow once put it<\/a>, \u201cBlackPlanet allowed us to become part of a network that already had centuries of black churches and colleges and barbecues. It meant that we, very organically, could build on this very powerful, existing set of relationships and networks and communities.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n BlackPlanet offered its users a number of ways to connect. A central profile\u2014the same kind that MySpace and Facebook would later adopt\u2014anchored a member\u2019s digital presence. Chat rooms and message boards offered opportunities for friendly conversation or political discourse (or sometimes, fierce debate). News and email were built right into the app to make it a centralized place for living out your digital life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n By the mid-2000\u2019s BlackPlanet was a sensation. It captured a large part of African Americans who were coming online for the first time. Barack Obama, still a Senator running for President, joined the site in 2007<\/a>. Its growth exploded into the millions; it was a seminal experience for black youth in the United States.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Neopets<\/a> began as an experiment by students Donna Williams and Adam Powell in 1999. Its first version\u2014a prototype that mixed Williams art and Powell\u2019s tech\u2014had many of the characteristics that would one day make it wildly popular. Users could collect and raise fictional virtual pets inside the fictional universe of Neopia. It operated like the popular handheld toy Tamagotchi, but multiplied and remixed for cyberspace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/css-tricks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/0CA4EEBD-1460-49FC-A129-A9A720E89D7A-scaled.jpeg?resize=2560%2C1688&ssl=1\")
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Image credit: The New Yorker<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n.com<\/code> to .org<\/code> domain and moving servers to infrastructure owned by the community and, of course, a guarantee that ads would not be used. Most of these demands would eventually be met, though its hard to tell what influence Enyedy had.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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